The castle

Date: early 16^th centuries
Weight: 8.11kg and 0.72kg for the camail
Origin: Switzerland or Germany
Characteristics: approx. 56,000 metal rings
Inv. N°: ARM-2019-006 / 007

Starting in the 12^th century, soldiers were protected by chain mail and a camail (collar of mail). When weapons became more advanced, plates of wrought iron were attached to the chain mail to reinforce the protection of some of the body’s vital parts.

Date: circa 1535
Origin: Germany
Characteristics: armour made of iron decorated with alternating vertical strips, plain metal or engraved with reed motifs and cherubs dancing or playing music, separated by edges in relief.
Inv. N°: ARM-2019-008

Starting at the end of the 14^th century, elements of armour began to replace the metal plate-covered chain mail and the helmet with visor replaced the helm. In the 15^th century, the white harness (full armour whitened from buffing) became more widespread. Entirely articulated and adjusted to the knight, it protected him from head to foot. Its use continued until the 17^th century, when body protection became more a reflection of personal aesthetic tastes. 

Date: 1425-1450
Weight: 0.94kg
Length: 0.96 m
Characteristics: round diamond-pointed pommel, leather-covered wooden hilt, diamond-pointed quillons for the crossguard inflected towards the blade.
Inv. N°: BLA-2019-009

The sword, symbol of power and justice, was the knights’ weapon par excellence. Soldiers, priests and civilians were also armed with one. Designed to cut and stab, it was used both for fighting and hunting. Handling it required technical training with a weapons master. Its design evolved over the course of the Middle Ages.

Date: 1530-1550
Weight: 0.20kg
Length: 29 cm
Origin: Germanic area
Characteristics: gilded bronze hilt, flared pommel, short shell-shaped quillons for the crossguard, fluted cross-piece, blade with a hallmark.
Inv. N°: BLA-2019-004

Civil and military weapon, the dagger was worn at the belt. Easy to hide because of its small size, it was the traitor’s weapon. Archers wore them to administer the coup de grace once their opponent had fallen. The names for the daggers varied depending on the shape of their crossguard: rondel dagger, ballock dagger or a quillon-dagger like the one presented here with a skilfully wrought hilt of refined workmanship.

Date: 15^th century
Origin: Switzerland
Weight: 2.29kg
Inv. N°: HAS-2019-005

Very popular in medieval Europe, the Lucerne hammer is of Swiss origin. With a “raven’s beak” or bec de corbin, set opposite a four-pronged head for clubbing, this war hammer was a powerful and piercing weapon. Extending from the shaft, a long tip allowed for it to be thrusted like an estoc. Conceived for hand-to-hand combat, it prevented the enemy from moving by blocking the joints in his armour.

Date: 16^th century
Origin: Italy
Length: 2.33 metres
Characteristics: estoc with quadrangular blade, modern shaft.
Inv. N°: HAS-2019-013

The staff weapons were used by the infantry. The tips, of varying shapes, are fitted to a wooden shaft, of which the length varies from one weapon to another. These weapons allowed foot soldiers to hamstring the horses, to penetrate between the armour’s plates and even to knock down and stab the horsemen. Their names vary depending on their shape: halberd, bill, vouge, or guisarme, the name of the piece presented here.

Date: 16^th–17^th century
Weight: 3.92kg
Origin: Germany
Characteristics: metal bow, wooden stock covered on top by bone and incrusted on the sides with circular motifs also made of bone; the metal cranequin was attached to the stock by a loop of cord.
Inv. N°: ARB-2019-002

The crossbow is a powerful, silent and precise weapon. It was used as much for fighting as for hunting. Very widespread in medieval times, the weapon-makers constantly tried to improve it. The model here loads with the help of a cranequin that the men wore at their belt. This crossbow winder was used to draw the bow string and allowed for the weapon’s use by horsemen.

Date: 16^th century
Origin: Germanic area
Characteristics: 12 barrels 66.5 cm in length covered in the original vermillion and green paint.
Projectile: lead bullet with a 16 to 18mm calibre
Inv. N°: ART-2019-009

The ribaudequin, or organ gun, is a powder weapon capable of firing salvos over a wide range of the battle field. It is ignited from behind thanks to a rail that links the vents of the 12 barrels. Drawings by Leonardo da Vinci have allowed for the reconstitution of this weapon’s wooden carriage. The cannons themselves date from the 16^th century.

Historical reconstitution based on an original piece dating from the mid-15^th century and kept at the Musée de l’Armée.
Weight: 1.3kg
Length: 2 metres
Firing rate: 1 shot per hour
Projectiles: 130kg stone balls

The first firing weapons using gunpowder were developed in the early 14^th century. The bombard is the most imposing. Made of wrought iron, it weighs several tons. This one was made using a cast of a bombard from a Touraine village (La Chapelle-aux-Naux) today kept at the Musée de l’Armée (Les Invalides) in Paris.

Historical reconstitution
Characteristics: manpower-activated machine
Firing rate: 1 to 3 shots per minute
Projectiles: 2.5 to 15kg stones
Range of fire: 50 to 80 metres

This “human traction” machine is the least powerful of the hurling machines. The men pulled on the ropes to swing the arm and launch the stones. Considered more a machine for defence, it was very effective against attacks. The reconstitutions have demonstrated that a one-kilogram ball reached its target at 140 km/h.

Historical reconstitution
Characteristics: fixed-counterweight machine
Firing rate: 1 to 3 shots per hour
Range of fire: 100 metres

Appearing near the end of the 12^th century, this machine has a fixed counterweight weighing several tons. Engineers had not yet understood the advantage of articulated counterweights, with which the trebuchets would later be equipped.

Historical reconstitution
Characteristics: machine with articulated counterweight
Firing rate: 1 to 2 shots per hour
Projectiles: 100kg balls of stones
Range of fire: 200 metres

Equipped with an articulated counterweight, this machine was used up until the 16^th century. Despite a slow firing rate, one to two shots per hour, it was the most powerful and most precise machine in the Middle Ages. A veritable weapon of dissuasion, just the sight of it would cause many strongholds to capitulate.

Historical reconstitution from an original 14^th century stock now kept in a German museum
Weight: 200kg
Characteristics: composite bow, braided-hemp cord

This giant crossbow, installed in a fixed position, was used to defend the strongholds. The machine’s advantage lies in its precision and range of fire: 300 metres for a 1-metre bolt. The original stock, used for this reconstitution, dates from 1336. It is kept at the museum of Quedlinburg in Germany.